The KFx Cats, Bees and Dragonflies course explores the subject of newer, emerging drugs. One of the issues we address very early in this course is terms of reference. This inevitably brings up the vexed question of what collective terms to use about newer compounds.
For well rehearsed reasons we should eschew the phrase “Legal Highs.” Many of the compounds are no longer legal, and not all are stimulants. There is debate as to whether or not people construe legality to equate with safety. I am of the mind that ‘legal’ has connotations of being sanctioned or approved. It suggests legality via permission. As this is not the case with our newer compounds, I prefer “unregulated” as opposed to “legal.”
The phrase that has become de rigeur amongst academics and policy experts is Novel
Psychoactive Compounds (or substances). It’s the phrase of choice for the EU,
and the EMCDDA defines it thus:
“a new narcotic or psychotropic drug, in pure form or in preparation, that is not controlled by the United Nations drug conventions, but which may pose a public health threat comparable to that posed by substances listed in these conventions.”
There are a number of problems with this definition, not least some of the compounds are not that new: Nitrous Oxide has been around since the latter half of the 19th Century, 4-mmc was first synthesised in 1929 and a lot of the benzo-type drugs doing the rounds at the moment were first synthesised in the 1960s.
It also creates the small problem that as soon as the drug is controlled by the UN drug conventions it ceases to be a Novel Psychoactive Compound (NPC).
“a new narcotic or psychotropic drug, in pure form or in preparation, that is not controlled by the United Nations drug conventions, but which may pose a public health threat comparable to that posed by substances listed in these conventions.”
There are a number of problems with this definition, not least some of the compounds are not that new: Nitrous Oxide has been around since the latter half of the 19th Century, 4-mmc was first synthesised in 1929 and a lot of the benzo-type drugs doing the rounds at the moment were first synthesised in the 1960s.
It also creates the small problem that as soon as the drug is controlled by the UN drug conventions it ceases to be a Novel Psychoactive Compound (NPC).
Most
problematically for me it has little or no relevance as a term to end users. A
resource, service or awareness session entitled referring to Novel Psychoactive
Compounds will not register with key target groups. Asking people “what NPCs have you used in the last month”
won’t elicit the information that I am looking for. It’s akin to when the
language switched from talking about “glue sniffing” to “volatile substance
abuse.” The language may be more accurate but what it gains in accuracy it
loses in comprehension.
The
other thing that is interesting about all the widely used phrases: “Novel
Psychoactive Compounds,” “Legal Highs,” and “Research Chemicals” is that the word Drugs is absent. According to Rick
Bradley at KCA, presenting at a seminar in 2014, about 85% of NPS users
do not recognise themselves as drug users.
The language we have all adopted
contributes to the sense that these are somehow distinct from other drugs.
In turn, this linguistic sleight of hand has, to my mind, disempowered drugs workers. The recurrent theme from training sessions is a sense of not understanding this new world of NPS. These are often experienced workers who can deal with the full spectrum of “traditional” drugs. Reminding these workers that these are still drugs, much like ones they can and have worked with, does much to overcome this sense of disempowerment.
So over time I have tried to find a language that works to address these problems. I ended up finding that the phrase “Newer Unregulated Drugs” worked reasonably well. Except when the law changes. But it’s largely immaterial as I am not egotistical enough to think the phrase will ever catch on. What’s more important is that we have the discussion and explore the role language and terminology plays in constructing paradigms.
Language of
Assessment:
What we call our emerging drugs also has a bearing on the
assessment process. If we don’t ask and prompt about newer drugs, we may not
get this information volunteered. And when it comes to newer drugs this brings
with some very specific challenges.
1: Not perceiving
substances to be drugs:
As highlighted earlier, there’s some evidence that some people may not consider their “legal” substances to be drugs, so if they are asked about other drugs may not volunteer emergent drugs.
As highlighted earlier, there’s some evidence that some people may not consider their “legal” substances to be drugs, so if they are asked about other drugs may not volunteer emergent drugs.
2: Unfamiliar with
collective terms:
We want to try and avoid the term “legal highs” for reasons mentioned and use of phrases such as Novel Psychoactive Compounds may not have a high recognition factor with young people.
We want to try and avoid the term “legal highs” for reasons mentioned and use of phrases such as Novel Psychoactive Compounds may not have a high recognition factor with young people.
3: May not be
familiar with drug families or link drugs to families
Routinely we would ask people about (for example) their benzodiazepine use. But asking this doesn’t automatically mean that the respondent will link their Etizolam use to the use of benzos, and volunteer this as a response. Similarly, although we ask about cannabis use, the respondent may not volunteer that they are smoking synthetic cannabinoids.
Routinely we would ask people about (for example) their benzodiazepine use. But asking this doesn’t automatically mean that the respondent will link their Etizolam use to the use of benzos, and volunteer this as a response. Similarly, although we ask about cannabis use, the respondent may not volunteer that they are smoking synthetic cannabinoids.
4: May not know what
they have used or have misidentified it:
The emergence of generic slang such as “legals” could cover a wide range of drugs. Regionally, slang such as “Monkey Dust” or “Bubble” could refer to a specific compound such as mephedrone or any unknown white powder. In turn “mephedrone,” once referring to 4-mmc, could now be used interchangeably for other white powder drugs. So assumptions both by user and worker as to what a person is actually using could be both misleading and dangerous.
The emergence of generic slang such as “legals” could cover a wide range of drugs. Regionally, slang such as “Monkey Dust” or “Bubble” could refer to a specific compound such as mephedrone or any unknown white powder. In turn “mephedrone,” once referring to 4-mmc, could now be used interchangeably for other white powder drugs. So assumptions both by user and worker as to what a person is actually using could be both misleading and dangerous.
5: We don’t want to give people a shopping list:
Especially when working with younger, naïve users, it is important that the assessment process doesn’t end up introducing the client to a whole list of substances with which they were unfamiliar. So while initially tempting, an assessment form which either lists or illustrates a wide range of different products is risky. It is still unlikely to be comprehensive – there are SO many brands on the market now. But it also risks introducing substances to a client who was hitherto unaware of that compound of family of drugs. We need to prompt, but without exposing the respondent to still more compounds.
Especially when working with younger, naïve users, it is important that the assessment process doesn’t end up introducing the client to a whole list of substances with which they were unfamiliar. So while initially tempting, an assessment form which either lists or illustrates a wide range of different products is risky. It is still unlikely to be comprehensive – there are SO many brands on the market now. But it also risks introducing substances to a client who was hitherto unaware of that compound of family of drugs. We need to prompt, but without exposing the respondent to still more compounds.
Assessment to Prompt,
not Promote:
After a numerous training sessions and a number of false starts, a
screening process emerged which addressed all my key concerns. It sits
alongside an existing standard screen and looks specifically at newer drugs. Rather than exploring specific substances it looks at types
of compound and routes. So for example by asking about smoked substances it can
elicit synthetic cannabinoids, kratom, or salvia without naming the substances.
Even vague references to “I smoked something, I’m not sure what it was…” can be
incorporated.
Likewise, by asking
about “white powders” we can explore all the different brands and unbranded
substances, again without having to give names. Using the same format, the tool
asks about Pills and Pellets, and Other Substances (swallowed, inhaled etc) to
cover other drug groups.
In training we use the Drug Map to explore the relative
location of different drugs. We can use it to explore
The assessment tool goes on to explore key issues stemming
from use and develop an action plan. Sample pages are shown below.
As with other KFx resources this Assessment Tool can be
downloaded from the KFx website here. It is free to download and use. If you
have any feedback I would be keen to hear it and will revise the tool as
feedback is received.
Ideally use of the tool will be combined with staff training
to increase awareness and confidence of responding to Newer Unregulated Drugs.
Such training is of course available via KFx.
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